in vitro comparison of furcal perforation repaired with pro-root MTA and new endodontic cement in primary molar teeth- a microleakage study

Statement of Problem: One of the most challenging procedural accidents during pulpotomy of primary molars is furcal perforation. To prevent bacterial invasion, the perforation site should be sealed as soon as possible

Purpose: The aim of the current study is to investigate the ability of the pro- root MTA and new endodontic cement [NEC] in repairing the furcation perforations of primary molar teeth

Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, 42 extracted primary molars were selected. Their roots were sectioned horizontally and standard access cavity was prepared. The orifices and the root apices were sealed with two layers of resin composite .The samples were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Six teeth were considered as the positive and the negative controls. In the experimental groups; perforation was made. In group 1 and 2, perforation site received pro- root MTA and NEC respectively. The teeth were covered by two layers of nail polish except for the external surface of the perforation site. The negative control group received no repairing material. All teeth were mounted and sterilized for 24 hours. Lower chambers were filled with sterilized Muller Hinton broth. Bacterial suspension of E-faecalis in 0.5 McFarland was prepared. Then repaired site was exposed to the bacterial suspension of E-faecalis every 3 days. All samples were inserted in an incubator at 37°C and 100% humidity. The turbidity of the samples was detected for a period of 30 days. Data were analyzed by Chi- square test

Results: 44% of samples in Pro- root group, 50% of the samples in the NEC group showed contaminations during 30 days. There was no significant difference between these two groups [p= 0.799]

Conclusion: With limitations of this study, Pro- root MTA and NEC showed similar capability in sealing the furcal perforations of the primary molars

Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of conventional and nanosilver-containing varnishes on oral streptococci

Statement of the Problem: Nanosilver particles have the potential to serve as a bactericidal agent because of the inherent antimicrobial influences of silver ion. The literature confirmed that specific micro-organisms, especially streptococci, have an important role as an etiological factor for caries

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of conventional and nanosilver-containing varnishes on oral streptococci

Materials and Method: Pure cultivations of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius were prepared on blood agar media. Thereafter, 0.5 McFarland standard of recently grown bacteria in normal saline was prepared and the bacteria were cultivated monotonously on the culture medium surface by applying a swab. Different concentrations of nanosilver varnishes were prepared in the Mueller- Hinton broth medium in the test tubes and equal amounts of 0.5 McFarland suspension of all the tested bacteria were added separately to all test tubes. A tube without varnish was included as the control sample. The tubes were kept at 37°C for 24 hours, then cultured to determine the numbers of bacteria in each tube by counting colonies. The numbers of bacteria in tubes with varnish were compared to the numbers of bacteria in the tube without varnish. In the instance of observing any reduction in the growth, the minimum inhibitory concentration for growth in the tube with varnish was determined

Results: Nanosilver varnish had an antimicrobial effect on S. mutans and S. salivarius. S. salivarius was more susceptible than S. mutans to the nanosilver varnish

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, nanosilver varnishes can be used under amalgam restorations to reduce microbial population and subsequently preventing the recurrent caries

[-vitro evaluation of the effect of addition of xylitol to carbonated diet soda on enamel microhardness of permanent teeth]

High consumption of carbonated diet soda is the most common etiologic factor for dental erosion. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of addition of Xylitol to carbonated diet soda to prevent enamel micro hardness reduction in permanent teeth. This in-vitro experimental study was conducted on 40 human impacted third molars that had been surgically extracted and were free from caries, erosion, cracks or hypo calcification. For correct measurement of micro hardness, surface of samples was polished with 5000 grit abrasive paper and micro hardness was measured using Vickers micro hardness testing machine. The teeth were then divided into 4 groups and immersed in 40 ml of 4 different solutions for 5 minutes [regular coke as the first control, coke zero, coke zero plus 10 g Xylitol and tap water as the second control]. Understudy surface was a 5x5 mm square on the distal surface of teeth. At the end of experiment, micro hardness of teeth was measured again. Changes in micro hardness were compared in each group with paired t-test and between groups with ANOVA. Based on the obtained results, micro hardness decreased after immersion of specimens in regular coke, coke zero and coke zero plus 25% Xylitol by -38.66 +/- 24.87, -26.1 +/- 16.65 and -19.5 +/- 23.52, respectively and these reductions were statistically significant [P1=0.001][P2=0.001][P3=0.005]. Change in micro hardness was -7.4 +/- 9.17 in specimens immersed in tap water and was not statistically significant [P4=0.5]. The reduction in micro hardness of enamel exposed to Xylitol was significantly less than the other two test groups. Addition of Xylitol to carbonated diet soda reduced the amount of tooth erosion but could not prevent it

[Evaluation of the effect of fluoride gel and varnish on the demineralization resistance of enamel: an in vitro]

Fluoride has an important role in the prevention of caries. This study assessed the efficacy of three types of topical fluoride: fluoride varnish, APF gel [sultan], APF gel [Kimia] in protecting the enamel from demineralization in an in vitro environment. Sixty human caries-free premolars where randomly assigned into four groups of 15 specimens. The control group was washed with deionized/distilled water. Weekly gel [Kimia] was treated with APF gel [1/23%] for 2 minutes weekly, weekly gel [Sultan] was treated with APF gel [1/23%] for 60 seconds weekly, weekly varnish fluoride was treated with Durashield [2/26%]. Specimens were then placed in a cycle of demineralization [pH= 4.3] for 6 hours and remineralization [pH= 7] for 17 hours. This pH- cycle was repeated for 3 weeks [21 days]. The teeth were sectioned buccolingually and evaluated under polarized light microscope. Then the depth of each lesion was measured from the deepest demineralization point of the lesion. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test for pairwise comparison. The control group had the deepest lesions [mean depth, 140 +/- 37micrometer]. The varnish group had the shallowest lesions [mean depth, 60 +/- 37 micrometer] with a 75.3% reduction percent. However, there was no significant difference in the depth of demineralization between all fluoride treated groups. The difference between fluoride groups and the control group were significant. Treatment of the enamel of permanent teeth with various topical fluorides significantly inhibited demineralization, but there was no significant difference between varnish or gel application

Histological evaluation of the pulp of primary teeth after pulpotomy with formocresol and SUAB2

Formocresol is a popular pulpotomy medicament in primary dentition. Because of its systemic and local side effects, it may be essential to use another material instead of formocresol. The purpose of this study was to assess the pulpal response after pulpotomy histologically with two different agents; namely, formocresol and SUAB2. In this randomized clinical trial study, 14 teeth of seven children that should had been extracted because of orthodontic treatment were selected. These teeth were randomly divided into two formocresol and SUAB2 [Shahed University Anti Bleeding 2] groups. Seven teeth were pulpotomized with formocresol and seven teeth with SUAB2. These teeth were extracted after 2 months and the pulpal response was evaluated. Finally, the data were analyzed with exact fisher and Mann-Whitney tests. In the formocresol group, severe inflammation was seen in four teeth, mild inflammation in three teeth, abscess in four teeth, necrosis in two teeth, fibrosis in three teeth and internal resorption in four teeth. In the SUAB2 group, severe inflammation was not seen. Moderate and mild inflammation was seen in four teeth, abscess in two teeth, necrosis in two teeth, fibrosis in three teeth and internal resorption in four teeth. Mann-Whitney test revealed that inflammation is significantly less in the SUAB2 group compared with the formocresol group [p<0/05]. Based on the results of this study, SUAB2 may be used in primary teeth pulpotomy

Invitro comparison of proroot MTA and root MTA micro leakage in repairing of furca perforation in primary teeh

Perforation is one of the most important causes of failure of endodontics treatment. Several materials have been proposed for non surgical repair of furcal perforation and MTA is one of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate repairing of furcal perforation of primary molars with Root MTA and Pro Root MTA. This in vitro study was conducted on 54 teeth that were randomly divided into four groups: Root MTA [n=24], Pro Root MTA [n=24], positive and negative controls [n=6]. After preparation of access cavity, perforations were made and the perforation areas were repaired with Root MTA and ProRoot MTA.After staining and preparation of mesiodistel longitudinal section, dye leakage was measured with stereomicroscope. The data was analyzed with Mann Whitney test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level. The data showed that ability of sealing of ProRoot MTA is more than Root MTA. Based on the results of this study Root MTA is not a suitable substitute for ProRoot in repairing of furcal perforation of primary molars

[Clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomized primary molars restored with stainless steel crown and amalgam]

Statement of Problem: Pulpotomy is the most common pulp treatment in primary teeth. Final restoration of the pulpotomized primary molar can affect the success rate of treatment

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of formocresol pulpotomy in primary molars restored with stainless steel crowns as compared to those restored with amalgam

Materials and Method: In this randomized clinical trial study, 110 primary molars to be treated with pulpotomy were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. Then these teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups: amalgam and crown. 55 teeth were restored by stainless steel crown and 55 by amalgam. The clinical and radiographic evaluation was done at 6-12-24 months. The data were analyzed by Exact Fisher test

Results: During the 6 months of evaluation, no clinical and radiographic failure was seen. In the 12 months of follow up in the amalgam group, 1 case showed swelling and furcal radiolucency. During the 24 months of evaluation, mobility was seen in 2 teeth in the crown group, and in the amalgam group radiolucency was seen in 1 case, mobility in 1 case, and internal resorption in 1 tooth. Exact Fisher test showed that there was no significant difference in the success rate of pulpotomized molars restored by stainless steel crown and amalgam

Conclusion: If the tooth is selected correctly for pulpotomy, SSC and amalgam restoration can be used as the final restoration

[ vitro evaluation of the effect of carbonated acidic beverage on micro hardness of the enamel of primary teeth]

Consumption of acidic carbonated beverages is the most important etiologic factor for dental erosion. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in microhardness of enamel in sound deciduous canine exposed to cola [Zamzam], lemon soft beer [Behnoosh] and tap water. This experimental study was performed on 30 sound deciduous canines without caries and cracks. The teeth were divided into three groups and primary microhardness was determined. Microhardness was 359/2 +/- 33/1 in Delster, 371/97 +/- 25/5 in ZamZam Cola and 325/77 +/- 52 in water. Specimens were taped to leave the 4mm[2] window of exposed enamel. Then the specimens in each group were exposed randomly into tap water, lemon soft beer and cola for 5 minutes. Finally, secondary microhardness of the enamel was measured by the Vickers method. The enamel microhardness change in each group was studied with the Paired T test and between the groups with ANOVA test. The results showed that secondary microhardness of deciduous enamel after exposure to tap water was 98.2% of primary microhardness. Secondary microhardness for carbonated beverage and soft beer was 81.9% and 86.7% of the original microhardness, respectively. The changes were statistically significant in the beverage and soft beer groups [P=0.001], but not significant for tap water [P=0.07]. Zamzam Cola and Delester decreased the microhardness of deciduous tooth enamel. The decrease of microhardness was less for Delster compared to Zamzam Cola

[Laboratory evaluation of the effect of fluoride-releasing fissure sealants on growth of oral Streptococcus]

Nowadays, application of sealants is introduced as the most effective method for prevention of occlusal caries. However, the outcome of the microorganisms that are sealed by dental sealants is important. We evaluated the effect of fluoride-releasing fissure sealants on the growth of oral Streptococcus. Pure cultures of Streptococcus mutans, sanguis and salivarius were prepared. 0.5 McFarland suspension of newly growed bacteria in normal saline was produced and using a swab, an even culture was prepared on the surface of the culture. Then, experimental fissure sealants were separately placed in 6mm diameter holes in the culture. The samples were divided into four groups; namely, plates merely including microorganisms with no changes applied; plates with microorganisms cured for 20 seconds; plates with microorganisms with cured fissure sealants [20 seconds] placed in them; plates with microorganisms and uncured sealants placed in them. After incubation in 37°C, the diameter of absence of microorganism growth was measured with a ruler in each plate. For each microorganism this test was repeated 6 times and finally the data was analyzed with ANOVA test and t-test. The results showed that fluoride-releasing fissure sealant may prevent growth of Streptococuus sanguis and salivarius [p<0.05] and the effect of this fissure sealant in preventing growth of Streptococcus mutans is not significant [p=0.05]. Furthermore, the curing process may increase antibacterial properties of fissure sealants. Clinpro-3M [fluoride releasing] may prevent growth of oral Streptococcus [sanguis, salivarius]

[Evaluation of the effect of nanohydroxyapatite on erosive lesions of the enamel of permanent teeth after exposing to soft beer [In vitro]]

Consumption of acidic carbonated beverages is the most important etiologic factor for dental erosion. Studies show that nano hydroxyl apatite can remineralize initial caries lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of that nano hydroxy apatite on the micro hardness of enamel of permanent third molar after exposing to soft beer. This in vitro study was done on 18 permanent third molars without caries and crack. After measurement of the micro hardness of the teeth, these teeth were placed in the 40 cc of Delester and secondary micro hardness of them were measured. Then the teeth were divided in to two groups randomly and were exposed to nano hydroy apatite in treatment group and tap water in control group and finally micro hardness of the teeth was determined. Changes in micro hardness was analyzed with paired t test in each group and ANOVA between groups. The results showed that micro hardness of 18 samples after exposing to lemon Delester -Behnoosh- reduced to 92.5% of primary micro hardness and paired t test showed that this is significant statistically [P=0.009]. Micro hardness of 9 samples in water group after exposing to water was 99.3% of secondary micro hardness and paired t test showed there is not significant statistically [P=20.6]. Micro hardness of 9 samples in nano hydroxy apatite after exposing to nano hydroxy apatite was 98.2% of secondary micro hardness and paired t test showed there is significant statistically [P=0.012]. Based on the results of this study nano hydroxyl apatite can remineralize erosive lesion on the enamel of permanent teeth resulting from exposing to lemon Delester

[Histopatological evaluation of pulpal response of primary teeth following pulpotomy with formocresol, ferric sulfate and Iranian mineral trioxide aggregate]

Formocresol is one of the most common pulpotomy madicaments in the primary teeth. Because of its systemic and local side effects, it may be essential to use another material instead of formocresol. The purpose of this study was to assess the pulpal response after pulpotomy in the primary teeth using 3 different agents: formocresol, ferric sulfate and Iranian MTA. In this randomized clinical trial, 30 teeth of 14 children that were to be extracted because of orthodontic treatment were selected. These teeth were divided randomly into three groups of 10. The teeth in each group were pulpotomized with formocresol, ferric sulfate and MTA, respectively. These teeth were extracted after 2 months and the pulpal responses were evaluated according to the degree of inflammation and extent of pulpal involvement. Dentinal bridge formation was also evaluated. Finally, the data were analyzed with Kruskal-wallis and sign test. In the formocresel group, moderate and severe inflammation was seen in 5 cases, necrosis in 4 cases, and abscess in 1 case. In the ferric sulfate group, moderate and severe inflammation was seen in 5 cases, necrosis in 1, abscess in 1, and internal rsorption in 1 case. In this group, dentinal bridge was formed in 1 case. In the MTA group, severe inflammation was seen in 1 case and dentinal bridge formation in 7 cases. Kruskal-wallis test revealed that inflammation in the MTA group was less than that of formocresol and sulfate ferric, significantly [p < 0.05]. Sign test showed that dentinal bridge formation in the MTA group was more than that in formocresol and ferric sulfate, significantly [p < 0.05]. Based on the results of this study, Iranian MTA can be used in primary teeth pulpotomy

[ effect of carbonate beverage and soft beer on enamel microhardness of permanent teeth]

Excess consumption of acidic foods is the most common etiologic factor in human dental erosion. This study aimed at the assessment of the mostly consumed carbonate beverage and soft beer on the microhardness of the permanent teeth enamel. In this experimental study, 30 extracted human molar teeth free of crack, caries, wear and hypocalcification were randomly divided into three groups. The before exposure microhardness of all teeth were measured. Then each group was exposed to one of the fresh drinks, carbonate beverage and soft beer, for 5 minutes. The exposed surface was the same in all the samples [a 5x5 mm square of the distal surface]. The amount of drinks per sample was the same as well [40 ml]. At the end of the exposure period, the microhardness of the teeth were measured again. Microhardness changes in each group were analyzed by paired t-test and those between groups were analyzed by one way ANOVA. The mean of the primary enamel microhardness after immersion in carbonate beverage [Zamzam cola] and soft beer [Behnoosh lemon delester] decreased as much as 13.76% and 5.7% respectively. Tap water did not have any significant effect on the enamel microhardness. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the amounts of reduction of the enamel microhardness for each beverage. Reduction of enamel microhardness after application of Zamzam cola [registered sign]

[Evaluation of treatment needs and different performed treatments in the Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences]

Treatment is successful when the patient refers on time and the disease is recognized soon. On the other hand, evaluation of the most common and important diagnostic-treatment needs in every center has an important role in program planning. The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic needs and performed treatments in different departments of DentalSchool, Shahid Beheshti University on 2007-2008 This research was designed to evaluate the existing data. 2000 records [written-computerized] of the patients, referred to the Oral Medicine department of dental school, on 30 active days were randomly selected and studied. Also 150 records were randomly selected to evaluae the causes of seeking dental services. The data was analyzed using chisquare test. This study was accomplished on 2000 patient records of which 53/6% were female and 46/4% were male. Samples age was 31/6+-16/2.The most common complaints were toothache [31%], tooth restoration [19/5%], checkup [9/2%], tooth replacement [8%] and periodontal diseases [6/9%]. Diagnostic-treatment needs were as follows: tooth restoration [71%] radiography [69/5%], periodontal treatment [56/6%], endodontic treatment [52/2%] surgery [38%], fixed prosthesis [12/9%] orthodontics [5/4%]. Maximum referral was to radiology [97/3%] and minimum was to removable prosthodontic department [54/4%]. The maximum performed diagnostic-treatment procedures were accomplished in radiology [36%] and operative [15%] and the minimum were in pathology and orthodontic [1/4%] departments. Needs in patients referring to Oral Medicine department were more than their requests but they have not returned to complete their treatments on a regular basis

[Clinical and radiographical success of pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate compared with formocresol in primary molars]

Formocresol is the common drug in pulpotomy of primary molars. In some studies it has been shown that, this material has the potentiality of some side-effects, so it is essential to find other alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol. In this experimental study, 70 deciduous molars of children aged 4-8 years old were pulpotomized with mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol. The clinical and radiographic follow up was done at 6, and 12 months. The data was analyzed by Fisher exact test. At the end of 12 months follow-up, success rate was 92.14% and 93.55% in formocresol and mineral trioxide aggregate group respectively. Based on the results of this study there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographical success between MTA and formocresol

[ comparison of periodontal ligament injection and alveolar nerve block in the treatment of mandibular primary molars]

Statement of problem: Inferior alveolar nerve block is a common technique for anesthetizing of the primary mandibular molars. A number of disadvantages has been associated with this technique, longtime anesthesia might make the child to bite his/her tongue and lip. Periodontal ligament injection could be considered as an alternative method for inferior alveolar nerve block

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of periodontal ligament injection compared with mandibular block in treating mandibular primary molars

Materials and method: Design of this study was sequential double blind randomized trial. The study population consisted of 82 cooperative children aged 3-9 years old, requiring the same type of treatment on contralateral mandibular molars. Bilateral identical dental procedures were performed on each patient during the same appointment. Signs of discomfort included body and eye movement indicating pain, verbal complaint, and crying [SEM scale], were evaluated blindly by a dental assistant who was not aware of the two groups. The data were analyzed by T- test

Results: Success rate was 91/46 and 92/68 in periodontal ligament injection and mandibular block technique respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the two anesthetic techniques

Conclusion: Results showed that periodontal ligament injection can be used instead of inferior alveolar nerve block in treating mandibular primary molars

[Histopathologic evaluation of the pulp after direct pulp capping with calcium mineral trioxide aggregate in primary teeth]

Mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] is a relatively new material. It is biocompatible and has sealing ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic pulp responses of calcium hydroxide and MTA placed directly on exposed pulp tissues. Twenty teeth already scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons were selected for this experimental study. These teeth were divided into 2 groups and treated with direct pulp capping. Calcium hydroxide was used for 10 teeth and MTA for 10 teeth. After 60 days the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological evaluation. Finally the data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. All teeth treated with Calcium hydroxide showed inflammation. Internal resorption was seen in 6 teeth and abscess in 5 teeth and calcified bridge in 6 teeth and reparative in 2 teeth. Inflammation was seen in 2 mineral trioxide aggregate samples and calcified bridge and reparative dentin in 7 teeth. Internal resorption and abscess were not seen in mineral trioxide aggregate group. Mineral trioxide aggregate appeared to be superior to Calcium hydroxide as a pulp capping agent in primary teeth

[Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the Iranian brand and the original MTA in primary molars pulpotomy]

Pulpotomy is one of the most common treatments in decayed primary teeth with pulp involvement. So far various medicaments have been used for this procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the success and/or failure level of these materials by using clinical and radiographic measures. A total of 70 deciduous molar teeth of children aged 3-7 years-old who met our selection criteria were included in this randomized clinical trial. After pulpotomy the Iranian made and the original brand MTA was used. Amalgam was used for restoration of all teeth under investigation. The clinical and radiographic follow up was conducted blindly at 6 and12 months. Fisher's exact test was used for data analysis. Based on the information collected over of one year follow up period, none of the teeth in Iranian MTA group demonstrated clinical and radiographic failure. In the original MTA group 1 tooth developed abscess and another showed furcation radiolucency. Based on these results the Iranian brand mineral trioxide aggregate can be used in primary molar teeth for pulpotomy treatment

[Histopathological evaluation of pulp changes after ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy in primary teeth]

Formocresol is an inrtacanal medicament commonly used for pulpotomy in the primary dentition. Because of its toxic and carcinogenic potential, it has been challenged by other chemical treatments. The purpose of this study was to histologically assess the pulpal healing process in pulpotomized primary teeth, using two different agents: formocresol and ferric sulfate. A total of 16 primary cuspids [8 pairs] from 8 patients who were scheduled for orthodontic extraction were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. One tooth from each pair of contralatcral teeth was assigned to either formocresol or ferric sulfate pulpotomy. Four pairs were extracted after 1 month and the other 4, after 2 months. Pulpal response was determined according to the degree of inflammation and extent of pulpal involvement. Dentinal bridge formation was also evaluated. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. No significant difference was found between the two groups for inflammation, absecess, root resorption and dcntinal bridge formation. Necrosis was more extensive in the formocresol pulpotomy group [p<0.05]. Based on these results, formocresol can be substituted with ferric sulfate for pulpotomy of primary teeth

[Evaluation of ClI malocclusion prevalence among girls aged 6-12 years old in primay schools in the west of Tehran [2003]]

Background and aim: a lot of children aged 6-12 years old experience C1I malocclusion so having knowledge of the prevalence of this malocclusion can be useful in its prevention and early treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of C1I malocclusion among girls aged 6-12 years old in the west of Tehran

Methods and Materials: in this cross-sectional study, 425 girls, 6-12 years old, from primary schools in the west of Tehran were investigated through clinical examination and a questionnaire. Each subject was examined under class light, on class chair and molar relationship, overjet, overbite, open bite and crossbite, crowding, diastema, rotation, congenital missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, cleft lip and palate, oral habits and premature loss of teeth were examined and recorded in the questionnaire

Results: in 65.2% of the children, C1I occlusion was observed, out of it. 7% showed normal occlusion and 58.2% had malocclusion. The prevalence of different kinds of C1I malocclusion was as follows: Midline deviation: 68.4%] increased overjet 31.696, increased overbite 25.1% an open bite 4.9%. Tooth rotation in 31.696, anterior cross bite in 0.4%] posterior crossbite in 5.7% and diastema in 5.3% of the subjects were seen

Conclusion: Based on the abore results, over half of the investigated children had C1I occlusion, from them 7% showed a normal occlusion